北方如何养兰花
北方如何养兰花,春兰又名草兰。花美,香味清幽,是我国名花之一,多产于南方,那么,在北方尤其是北方严寒地区怎样栽培兰花呢?
(1)选择抗寒品种。花谚说“北方天气较严寒,选择兰花要抗寒”。在北方养好兰花,首先要选择比较抗寒的春兰、惠兰。春兰有“宋梅”、“翠荷”、“逸品”、“张荷素”等,惠兰有“解佩梅”、“温州素”、“大一品”等,尤其惠兰十分抗寒。
(2)采用疏松透气的土壤。花谚指出“兰根脆弱无根毛,透气微润土壤好”。由于兰花肉质根上无根毛,吸水力弱,只有在透气性好又不太湿的土壤中才能健康生长。“煤渣灰土元素多,兰花茎大开花多”。煤渣灰土含有磷、钾、钠、镁、铁、铜、锰、锌等,均为兰花需要的元素。花谚还指出“食用菌渣牛粪末,代土养兰开花多”,或用森林腐殖土加一半粗沙,含腐殖质丰富呈微酸性,疏松透气好,多种营养元素含量多。兰盆要用细高素盆为好,名兰可选用紫砂盆。由于兰根分布于表层土中,所以,尽可能用小盆浅栽,这样既适体又透气。
(3)施肥要适量。兰花为肉质根,吸肥能力很弱,生长缓慢,新上盆的兰花应少施肥,或当年上盆不施肥。生长期施氮、磷、钾的比例为3:1.5:0.5;花芽分化前期为0.5:3:1.5;花葶初抽期,追施以2:3为比例的磷、钾肥。追肥忌施人粪尿,宜施用发酵的豆饼、鱼腥水。追施肥料时间,生长季节约半月1次,施肥的适宜时间为傍晚,在施完肥后要浇1次水。
(4)浇水与喷水。兰花对于空气与土壤均要求湿润,除夏季炎热时应多浇水不使土壤干燥外,平时为了增加空气湿度,有时一天要数次喷水。夏季浇水在清晨或傍晚,而雨季盆土却宜稍干,以免湿度过大引起病害。秋季温度降低,生长逐渐停止,应少浇水,视天气情况,甚至可以停止喷水,不使盆土干燥即可。浇水用雨水最好,河水、池水次之。
(5)遮阴管护。培养国兰,应遵循“春不出(室),夏不日(晒),秋不干(燥),冬不湿(墒)”的原则,所以从春末到秋初应放在阴棚下,但不宜过分荫蔽,通常遮光50%~70%。傍晚将阴棚拉开,使兰花承受夜间露水和晨夕阳光,保持高度的空气湿度;夏季日照强烈,则应予以浓阴,遮阴时间亦长。春秋阳光减弱,只避去中午前后的阳光即可。兰花耐阴程度以墨兰最甚,箭兰及寒兰次之,而春兰及惠兰则需较多阳光。
冬季气温下降,11月上、中旬,应移于高爽通风向阳的室内,箭兰及寒兰耐寒力较弱,更应注意及时防寒。环境温度最好不低于5℃,还要保持养兰场地通风和清洁,以免发生病虫害,以上就是关于北方如何养兰花的介绍。
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