观果植物的日常管理
要使观果花卉观赏价值高,必须果实分布、大小均匀,坐果率高,成熟整齐。其关键措施有:
(1)初春萌芽前修剪。这是栽培管理上的重要手段,也是防止开花而不结实的根本措施之一。凡是生长过密、细弱、交叉、重叠、病虫枯枝都应全部剪除,健壮枝也只留2~3个芽,多余部分剪掉。
(2)夏季施肥。生长旺盛期,要有充足的养分和水分,施追肥可增加到3~5天一次,但氮肥切忌过量,以免枝条徒长,肥的浓度可逐次增大;新梢长至20厘米左右时,要进行摘心,并在叶面喷施1%的磷酸二氢钾,以促进枝条饱满,多发坐果率高的“伏花”(开花坐果时间在6月初的叫“伏花”)。
(3)盛花期适当控制肥水。掌握“干花湿果”的原则,待果坐稳长到黄豆大时,再勤施肥水。特别要注意磷肥的补充,使果大色艳,必要时还可用0.1%的尿素和0.05%的磷酸二氢钾混合液在夜间向叶面喷施,1周1次,到10月底停止施肥。
(4)注意调节光照。2~3天中要接受3~5小时的光照,忌曝晒。光照过足,会加速果实成熟,导致提前脱落;置于向阳处已结果的花卉,应固定位置,不要随意搬动,以免光照紊乱,影响长势。果实成熟期若光照不足,会直接影响果实的色、香、味和观赏时间。越冬期间光照不足,也会引起衰弱黄化,致使果实提早衰老和脱落。
(5)保持适宜湿度。观赏期长的关键是湿度,盆土不能太湿,否则透气性能降低,会使根系发锈、细弱、叶片发黄,从而造成落花落果。开花时盆土要适当干些才有利坐果,但过干也会使叶片卷曲,使花梗和果梗因缺水而产生离层,分离脱落,造成大量落花落果现象。花期要防止雨淋,也不要向正在开放的花朵喷水,以防冲走雌蕊柱头的黏液,不利雄蕊花粉的萌发,同时柱头长期沾水,易引起腐烂。
(6)适时疏枝、疏花、疏果。“伏花”、“伏果”质量好,而“秋花”、“秋果”为时过晚,果实小且入室前来不及转黄,应淘汰。疏枝时应注意不要齐基部剪去,应保留0.5厘米。因基部树皮有发皱部分,易萌生新的果枝,有利更新。在10月底停施追肥时可按生长方向及强弱进行一次疏果,控制结果数量。
(7)后期管理。果实逐渐变黄后,温度不宜太高,在5~10℃低温下,可在枝头保存两个月以上;用尿素与过磷酸钙混合液进行根外追肥可防止果实过早变黄或落果。
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